From a collection of 24 manuscript charts of the Pacific Ocean and South America, highlighting the Spanish expeditions to Easter Island and Tahiti, 1763–1775

This collection was assembled by Commodore Joseph de la Somaglia, Commander of the South Pacific Squadron of the Spanish Armada Real between 1770 and 1778. The charts document Spanish activity in the Pacific in the second half of the eighteenth century particularly, the Spanish expedition to Easter Island under Felipe Gonzalez in 1770 and two expeditions to Tahiti under Domingo Boenechea in 1772–73 and 1774–75.

Since the Papal edict of Tordesillas in 1494 the Spanish had regarded the Pacific as its exclusive domain. In the eighteenth century this position was threatened by the expansion of English, French and Russian exploration in the Pacific.  In 1774 a small colony was established on Tahiti consisting of two Franciscan priests. A year later the settlemen t was abandoned and Spanish attempts to re-establish their foot hold in the Pacific were abandoned.

In 1494 the Papal edict of Tordesillas divided rights to all newly discovered lands between Portugal and Spain, based on an arbitrary line running from pole to pole approximately 2,061 kilometres west of the Cape Verde islands. The Spanish controlled the area west of the dividing line. They established a base at Manila in the Philippines and conducted lucrative trade between this new centre and their colonies along the Pacific coast of North and Central America. Portugal established successful trading routes between Europe and the East Indies.

In the seventeenth century the Dutch ousted Portugal from the East Indies and dominated trade and exploration in the region up until the eighteenth century. Spain concentrated on expanding their bases in Central America, Mexico and Peru.

During the eighteenth century, other European naval powers, particularly England and France, began the exploration of the Pacific regions in search of trading opportunities, strategic bases and the legendary  landmass of Terra Australis.

In 1767 as part of a voyage to circumnavigate the world, Captain Samuel Wallis arrived in Tahiti on the Dolphin claiming the Island for Britain with the name of King George’s Island. Later in 1767 the island was visited by Louis Bougainville who claimed the island for France and named it New Cythera. Captain Cook reached Tahiti in 1770 on the Endeavour. Cook called the island Otaheite.

Spanish activity in the Pacific region had diminished following the Seven Years War(1756–1763), in which they lost significant land, including Spanish Florida and islands in the West Indies to the British. With the increase in British activity and potential threat to their empire the Spanish Crown launched a series of exploratory voyages to map and colonise several South Pacific islands, as well as to explore and claim the American territories inland from their bases in California and Mexico. 

The first expedition was by Felipe Gonzalez to claim Easter Island for Spain, which he did in November 1770. He spent five days mapping the island.

Domingo Boenechea headed the 1772 Tahiti expedition and surveyed the island, reporting in 1773 that it was suitable for a Spanish colony. The Spanish called the island Amat’s Island after the Spanish Viceroy. In 1774 Boenechea returned to establish the colony which was to be led by two Dominican friars. The colony failed within a year, effectively ending the Spanish empire in the Pacific.

Although the power of the Spanish Empire in the Pacific had diminished Spanish interest in Pacific activities remained significant. Between 1789 and 1794 the Spanish authorised a scientific expedition by Alessandro Malaspina.  After a survey of the Spanish colonies in America, he sailed across the South Pacific visiting Port Jackson in March 1793. Malaspina’s Political Examination of the English Colonies in the Pacific, written on the return voyage, discusses the potential impact of English colonisation on Spanish interests. Malaspina concluded that any physical threat should be countered by establishing a strong market in the colony for goods from the Spain’s American interests. 

Although the aims of the Spanish expeditions in the 1770s were ultimately unsuccessful, the maps which remain documenting the activities and settlements are significant both for their content and their rarity. The collection contains the most detailed known charts of the Spanish expeditions to Tahiti and Easter Island.

In Spain at the time, publishing maps and journals of exploratory expeditions was subject to strict secrecy and censorship laws. Within a generation of the expeditions, the Spanish American empire had collapsed, and public interest in the history of the explorations had waned. As a result, material known from this period is rare.

The extent of the discovery and charting of Pacific territories by the Spanish is not as well-known as the English and French voyages. The achievements of English, French and even Russian voyages charts of exploration including private journals and charts were published and circulated widely. The Spanish Government retained a tight control over information gathered from their expeditions.

Around 1775 the charts in this collection were commissioned and collected by Commodore Somaglia for his personal use as Commander of the South Pacific Squadron of the Spanish Armada Real.  Joseph de la Somaglia was an Italian born officer in the Spanish Navy. In 1770 he was appointed to a post in Callao, Peru as the Commandante de la Esquadra of the South Sea.  Somaglia was responsible for the outbound security of Spanish vessels carrying silver and gold to Europe. He also oversaw the expeditions to the Pacific including the voyages of Domingo de Boenechea to Tahiti and the Polynesian Islands.